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托福閱讀TPO23(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Urban Climates

托福閱讀原文

【1】The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.

【2】In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.

【3】The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that

constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.

【4】Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃ warmer than the side streets. Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving. The maximum differences in

temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.

【5】The surface-atmosphere relationships inside metropolitan areas produce a number of climatic peculiarities. For one thing, the presence or absence of moisture is affected by the special qualities of the urban surface. With much of the built-up landscape impenetrable by water, even gentle rain runs off almost immediately from rooftops, streets, and parking lots. Thus, city surfaces, as well as the air above them, tend to be drier between episodes of rain; with little water available for the cooling process of evaporation, relative humidities are usually lower. Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds, making them far less efficient at dispersing pollutants. On the other hand, air turbulence increases because of the effect of skyscrapers on airflow. Rainfall is also increased in cities. The cause appears to be in part greater turbulence in the urban atmosphere as hot air rises from the built-up surface.

托福閱讀試題

1.The word “enormous” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A.growing. B.frightening. C.very large. D.strictly controlled.

2.The word “surpass” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A.remain below. B. be higher than. C.add to. D.come close to.

3.According to paragraph 2, how soon heat from a warmed house reaches the outside air greatly affected by A.how well the house is heated. B.how well the house is insulated. C.how many adults live in the house. D.how much sunshine the house receives.

4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following contributes to making urban areas warmer than the surrounding countryside EXCEPT A.the fuel burned by motor vehicles.

B.the capacity to store heat of the materials used in building a city. C.the easy flow of heat into the ground in city areas covered by

vegetation.

D.the repeated reflection of solar radiation back and forth among buildings.

5.According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?

A.The countryside in the Sun is the only important source of heat. B.Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are in the countryside.

C.In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.

D.Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.

6.How is paragraph 3 organized?

A.It describes two factors that contribute to the increased heat of cities and then provides two causes for the second factor.

B.It describes two causes discovered in an early analysis of the increased heat of cities.

C.It describes two factors that contribute to the increased heat of cities and two other factors that work against it.

D.It describes two well-established causes of the increased heat of cities and other two whose roles are less well understood.

7.The word “configuration” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A.location. B.history. C.temperature. D.shape.

8.According to paragraph 4, what can explain the substantial differences in temperature between one area and other within a well-developed heat island?

A.The overall size of the heat island that includes the two reasons B.The intensify of the heat island that includes the two areas

C.Differences between the two areas in the general level of activity, including traffic

D.Differences between the two areas in the insulation materials used in construction

9.Paragraph 4 supports the idea that a city’s heat-island intensity would increase if

A.the city went into an economic decline and lost population.

B.the city’s economy shifted from heavy industry to health care and education.

C.there was an upward trend in the average age of the city’s residents. D.repair work on the streets slowed traffic throughout the city.

10.According to paragraph 5, surfaces in the city are generally drier than surfaces in the countryside between periods of rainfall because

A.in the city gentle rain is much more common than heavy rain. B.high temperatures in the city speed up the process of evaporation. C.in the city there are longer periods of dry weather between episodes of rain.

D.rainwater in the city cannot soak into most surfaces and quickly runs off.

11.The word “modified” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to A.changed. B.blocked. C.increased. D.weakened.

12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a factor responsible for the greater air turbulence in urban environments? A.The high speed of the winds travelling above cities. B.The greater rainfall totals recorded in cities. C.Attempts to reduce urban air pollution. D.The effects of tall buildings on airflow.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air

directly above them.

Paragraph 4: Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. ■【A】The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. ■【B】For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. ■【C】When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃ warmer than the side streets. ■【D】Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving.

The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor

ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Cities create climatic conditions of their own through their physical structure and urban activities.

A.The amount of heat produced in a city will be reduced when cities use the heat from cars to warm homes.

B.The built-up landscape of the city readily becomes a heat island, with greater water runoff and special climatic conditions such as low relative humidity and increased air turbulence.

C.The materials from which cities are built and the effects of pollution domes help make urban areas warmer than rural areas.

D.Cities tend to be warmer than their surrounding areas, in part because they produce heat by burning fuel for heating, powering vehicles, and industrial production.

E.In most cities, the heating that results from solar radiation is intensified by carbon dioxide, a gas that is present at very high concentrations in cities’ atmospheres.

F.During periods without rainfall, the air in cities heats up and causes winds to slow down, with the result that pollutants are not dispersed.

托福閱讀答案

1.enormous巨大的，所以正確答案是C的very large。單詞所在句的前句說城

市的物質(zhì)和能量的輸入和輸出的廢水、空氣污染物、物質(zhì)和能量是相當(dāng)?shù)?，接著這句話就說這一過程涉及的物質(zhì)的量是怎么樣的，對(duì)于一個(gè)城市來說，輸入和輸出的物質(zhì)的量當(dāng)然都很大，所以答案是C，A增長(zhǎng)、B嚇人、D嚴(yán)格控制都不靠譜。

2.surpass超過，所以正確答案是be higher than。從單詞本身看，sur表示加強(qiáng)，pass表示過，所以合在一起表示超過之意。原句說冬天城市里產(chǎn)生的熱量可以等于或者怎么樣太陽提供的熱量，跟等于并列的要么是多于要么是少于，所以正確答案是B。

3.以warmed house和outside air做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二句，說當(dāng)房間隔熱差的時(shí)候，熱量散失最快，所以散失的快慢應(yīng)該取決于房屋的隔熱狀況，所以正確答案是B，其他答案都沒說。

4.except題，排除法。A的motor vehicles做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句的cars，說fuel燃燒不是唯一來源，明顯是一個(gè)來源，所以A正確，不選；B在上一段有說到，所以也正確，不選(我的版本B答案和上一題的B答案是一樣的，我懷疑是搞錯(cuò)了，而且如果只是像題目問的根據(jù)第三段，這個(gè)答案又不對(duì)，但選項(xiàng)C也錯(cuò)了，誰能告訴我是腫么回事)；C的vegetation做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第五句，但說的是countryside，沒說urban，所以C錯(cuò)，選；D的reflection做關(guān)鍵詞定位至兩個(gè)ways的第一個(gè)，正確，不選。

5.以lower heat capacity做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第五句，說農(nóng)村的heat capacity低于城市是因?yàn)橹脖桓采w使得heat不那么容易進(jìn)入或者流出地表，所以正確答案是D。A的only source，B的construction materials都沒說，C說反了，原文說不那么容易。

6.問整段的，看開頭和第二句。首句說機(jī)動(dòng)車不是唯一因素，第二句說還有兩個(gè)其他的因素，然后后文詳細(xì)敘述了這兩個(gè)因素都是什么，所以正確答案是A。B的early analysis，C的work against it和D的less well understood都沒說，而且A特別提到了two causes for the second factor。

7.configuration形狀，輪廓，所以D的shape是正確答案。從單詞本身看，其中包含了一個(gè)figure，所以應(yīng)該跟圖有關(guān)，而答案中跟圖相關(guān)的只有shape。原文說熱島的什么取決于若干因素，緊接著舉例子說風(fēng)能夠使熱島沿著風(fēng)吹的方向延展，所以講的是熱島的形狀，不是B歷史和C溫度，location靠譜，但例子給出的不是一個(gè)位置，所以也不選。

8.以difference和well-developed heat island雙關(guān)鍵詞定位至第五和第六句，說well developed的熱島里的變化是非常大的，在冬天，繁忙街道可以比不繁忙的高17度，后來又說信號(hào)燈所在的位置比沒有信號(hào)燈的位置熱，都在說交通，所以C是對(duì)的，說城市的繁忙情況，包括交通。A的size，B的intensity和D的insulation materials都沒說到。

9.以intensity做關(guān)鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)三句，說城市越大intensity越強(qiáng)，還取決于layout，population density和productive activity，所以正確答案是D，而且也可以根據(jù)上一題得出這個(gè)答案。A說反了，如果population少intensity應(yīng)該下降；B的shift和c的age都沒說。

10.以rainfall做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三句，說城市的建筑大多是不透水的，即使是最小的雨也會(huì)流走，這是城市地表干燥的原因，所以正確答案是D。A的gentle rain much more common，B的speed up和C的longer periods of dry weather原文都沒說，不選。

11.modify改變，正確答案是change。從單詞本身看，這個(gè)詞是由mode模式加動(dòng)詞詞尾變來的，所以意思應(yīng)該和mode相關(guān)。原句說由于建筑增加了其周圍氣流運(yùn)動(dòng)的摩擦，城市里風(fēng)的流動(dòng)也被怎么樣了，A改變和D減弱靠譜，但減弱與模式無關(guān)，不選。

12.以air turbulence做關(guān)鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第三句，說air turbulence增加是因?yàn)楦邔咏ㄖ绊憵饬?，所以正確答案是D。A的high speed，B的rainfall和C的air pollution原文都沒說，不選。

13.兩個(gè)過渡點(diǎn)，代詞another和動(dòng)詞stretch。憑借stretch可以確定B或者C正確。但后因?yàn)橛衋nother，所以之前必須有一個(gè)例子，所以正確答案是C不是B。

14.the amount選項(xiàng)原文沒說，不選。the built-up選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段開頭和第五段，正確。the materials選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三段第二句，正確。cities選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三段，正確。in most cities選項(xiàng)中的carbon dioxide原文沒說，不選。during選項(xiàng)中的without rainfall原文沒說，不選。