How to grasp the main idea of a passage in NMET

2007高考英語(yǔ)福建卷“閱讀部分”考核目標(biāo)：

一． 二． 三． 四． 五．

能理解文章的基本內(nèi)容； 能歸納文章的主旨大意； 能推測(cè)文章中的隱含意思；

能根據(jù)上下文正確理解詞語(yǔ)和句子；

能運(yùn)用閱讀技能完成不同文體的閱讀任務(wù)。

分析閱讀理解命題趨勢(shì)

1． 生疏短語(yǔ)增多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。

2． 組篇方式新穎，深層理解要求較高。

3． 命題方式靈活多樣，整體理解和推斷題增加

分析趨勢(shì)，掌握技巧，贏取高分

從以上兩點(diǎn)可以看出，現(xiàn)在的閱讀題遠(yuǎn)非停留在理解詞句和看懂內(nèi)容上。為了增加閱讀理解題的區(qū)分度，考查學(xué)生的綜合理解能力，拉開差距，近年高考閱讀題中概括主旨題和推斷題明顯增加。若要獲得高分，關(guān)鍵在于能否正確回答此類能力題（在此，我們統(tǒng)稱為主旨大意題。）

＃本講座分為以下部分： Ⅰ常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式 Ⅱ. 主要答題步驟

Ⅲ. 分析典型例文,掌握答題技巧

1．讀首句抓大意。 2．讀尾句抓大意。 3．讀首尾段抓大意。 4．從段落中抓大意。 5．歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意。

6、文章標(biāo)題的選擇或擬定

Ⅳ. .總結(jié)主旨大意題選擇題答題技巧

Ⅰ.常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式：

主旨大意題主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)段或某一語(yǔ)篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題方式有：

1標(biāo)題類常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)題型題干：

1) The best title/ headline for this passage might be_____________. 2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______________. 3) What is the best title for the passage?

4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2 大意類常見(jiàn)的主題型題干：

5) This passage chiefly deals with____________. 6) What’s the topic of the article?

7) What is the subject discussed in the text?

8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 3 目的主旨大意題

The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is______. The passage is meant to _____ The purpose of this article is _______

Ⅱ.主要答題步驟：

1. 先看問(wèn)題, 是否有和主旨大意題有關(guān)的題目,了解題目類別和提問(wèn)方式。

2. 再看文章首尾，或各段的開頭，找出主題句，或通過(guò)瀏覽全文，抓住關(guān)鍵字眼，把握文章主旨。

3. 以掌握文章主旨為前提，處理推斷作者語(yǔ)氣或意圖等其它深層理解的問(wèn)題。

Ⅲ.分析典型例文，掌握答題技巧：

1．讀首句抓大意。

一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在說(shuō)明文、議論文、科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。因此，要尋找這類文章的主旨大意就需研究文章的首句。

Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal．Such a person is not really a thief．They are sick and cannot help themselves．All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions．People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them．With medical help they may become normal citizens again．The things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value．They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them．

Question：What is the topic of the text？

A．Young Thieves．B．An Unusual Illness． C．Reasons for Stealing． D．A Normal Child's Actions．

該題的答案，就是由文章第一句話而得，答案為B。 2．讀尾句抓大意。

主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù), 層層推理論證, 最后自然得出結(jié)論, 即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。

On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin．Everyone was astonished to see him． There was just one problem．Merlin had no way to stop his roller skater．He rolled on and on．Suddenly he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the

wall．Down fell the mirror，breaking to pieces．Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time！

Question：What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph？ A．The roller skates needed further improvement． B．The party guests took Merlin for a fool！ C．Merlin succeeded beyond expectation． D．Merlin got himself into trouble．

這段文字從Merlin入場(chǎng)的細(xì)節(jié)開始敘述，到最后一句做了總結(jié)：“大家很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間都沒(méi)有忘記Merlin不同凡響的入場(chǎng)?！笨梢?jiàn)Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案為C。

3．讀首尾段抓大意。

有些文章或段落的開頭和結(jié)尾部分都有主題句。這種結(jié)構(gòu)是為突出主題思想而使用兩次點(diǎn)題的寫作方法。這兩個(gè)主題句在句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞上有所不同，而且在內(nèi)容上前句和后句也不重復(fù)。

As prices and building costs keep rising，the” do-it-yourself”（DIY）trend（趨勢(shì)）in the U．S．continues to grow．

\"We needed furniture for our living room,” says John Ross, \"and we just didn't have enough money to buy it. So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs.” John got married six months ago, and like many young people these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high. The Roses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school. Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house.

Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died. Hs has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory. Last month, he received a car repair bill for $ 420.\"I was deeply upset about it. Now I've finished a car repair course, I should be able to fix the car by myself.\"

John and Jim are not unusual people．Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high costly living．If you want to become a “do-it-yourself”，you can go to DIY classes．And for those who don't have time to take a course，there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself．

Question：What would be the best title for the text？

A．The Joy of DIY． B．You Can Do It Too！

C．Welcome to Our DIY Course！ D．Ross and Hatfield：Believers in DIY． 讀文章第一段和最后一段會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)答案是B。 4．從段落中抓大意。

有些文章或段落的主題句居中，這種文章或段落往往以一句或幾句話引出要表達(dá)的主題，在主題句出現(xiàn)后，再舉例子陳述細(xì)節(jié)或繼續(xù)論證。

In the 1930s，a lot of people in the USA were out of work．Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts．He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”． However，he was not completely satisfied with the game，so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”．He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn't have any real commercial（商業(yè)性的）success．

Question：The text is mainly about ____ ．

A．Lexico B．three men C．a(chǎn) word game D．Alfred Butts 根據(jù)這一段落中間部分的敘述，我們能推斷出答案是C。 5．歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意。

有些文章或段落無(wú)明顯的主題句，只是暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題。這就要求考生在閱讀過(guò)程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)或提供的線索來(lái)概括總結(jié)主旨大意。

例1） In Shanxi Province you may be offered brains to eat． Frightened？You shouldn't be，because these brains are only a kind of food，which is famous for its unusual name and rich nutrition（營(yíng)養(yǎng)）．

Brains as a kind of food were invented more than 300 years ago by Fu Shan，an artist whose mother had been ill for a long time．To help her become well again，he studied medicine and invented a kind of soup（湯）made of meat，vegetables and a number of Chinese

medicines．Rice wine was also used in the soup to help illness caused by old age．Fu's soup became the talk of the town．Many people came to see him．One day a restaurant owner asked him what was in the soup．“I'll tell you，”Fu said，“but if your restaurant is going to sell the soup，you must call it brains because of its shape and color．And your restaurant should be renamed after my mother．”

Question：The best headline for this newspaper article is ____ ． A．A Good Son B．A Special Soup C．How to Make Brains D．How to Live a Long Life 要解答此題，必須通讀全文。讀完全文，并結(jié)合各段大意，本文主旨凸現(xiàn)出來(lái)，答案應(yīng)是B。

例2） On December 1,1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a bus in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, paid her fare and took a seat in the front of the Negro section at the back end. It felt good to sit down after a long day’s work. At the next stop, however, the driver told the Negroes to move back to make room for new white passengers.

All but one of the blacks gave up their places obediently. Rose Parks hesitated. The bus was now full: if she got up, she would have to stand all the way home. A white man waiting for her seat glared impatiently.

At that moment, something in Rosa Parks snapped. Maybe her soul had had enough of humiliation; maybe it was just that her feet tired. Anyway, the 42-year-old seamstress refused to give up her seat.

Black and white passengers alike stared at the troublemaker. The bus drier hailed a policeman. Mrs. Parks was arrested. Montgomery’s 17,000 Negroes were enraged. Some wanted violence —“Burn the buses, tip them over.” Others kept their cool. With the help of a 27 Year-old preacher who had been inspired by the non-violent ways of Mahatma Gandhi, they organized a boycott of the bus line. The boycott lasted 380 days, and cost the bus line millions of dollars. Finally, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that segregation on the buses was unconstitutional. Rosa Parks could now sit anywhere on a bus. Although most of us have forgotten her, the revolution she started changed America. For the unknown preacher, however, there was no way back to obscurity. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a dream. And the world—at least in part because o Rosa Parks—was finally ready to honor that dream, and to listen.

? Acts of honor, all of them ? Acts of sacrifice, integrity, love. And no one is laughing. Perhaps we have not lost our sacred Honor after all.

( C )1. The author’s chief intention in telling the story is .（概括主旨或推斷意圖題）易誤選A

A. to expose racial discrimination in the 1950s

B. to applaud the non-violent boycott led by Martin Luther King, Jr. C. to sing the praise of Rosa Parks` bravery and firmness

D.all of the above

( B )2． Which word best describes the character of Rosa?（概括人物特征）易誤選A

A. stubborn B. courageous C. timid D. arrogant

分析：

Q1:由于本文為記敘文,無(wú)明顯主題句,該文體的中心常貫穿于全文.對(duì)于這類文章，我們可以

通過(guò)抓住動(dòng)詞來(lái)概括主要情節(jié)，從而歸納中心思想。本文線索: board----sit----be told to move----hesitate----refuse----be arrested---be enraged----boycott----desegregate---change America. Rosa上了公交車坐在黑人車廂，司機(jī)要求她將座位讓給后來(lái)上車的白人。她猶豫了，但最終她拒絕讓座，Rosa因此而被捕。黑人門被激憤了，組織了“抵制公交車”事件。最終美國(guó)最高廢除了公交車上實(shí)行的種族隔離制度。Rosa的這一行為改變了美國(guó)。

許多同學(xué)選(A),理由是文中敘述Rosa由于拒絕給白人讓座而被捕是種族歧視現(xiàn)象,初看(A)沒(méi)錯(cuò).但這只是本文其中一個(gè)情節(jié),是后文“抵制公交車”事件的導(dǎo)火線,并非中心思想.從以上分析的文章線索可確定本文主旨應(yīng)為：Rosa堅(jiān)強(qiáng)勇敢的行為迫使美國(guó)廢除公交車種族隔離。作者的意圖是贊揚(yáng)Rosa的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)無(wú)畏.應(yīng)選(C)。

Q2: 通過(guò)對(duì)文章主旨的把握,首先排除(C)和(D).但同學(xué)有可能會(huì)選( A ),因?yàn)椤皊tubborn”與第

一題答案中“firm”相近.但“stubborn” 是貶義詞,意為”固執(zhí),倔強(qiáng)”.本文旨在贊揚(yáng)Rosa 的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)勇敢,顯然該詞不恰當(dāng).(B)courageous (勇敢的=brave)才是最佳答案. 例3） NMET1999全國(guó)卷A篇51題

Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.

This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of

Philadelphia for a historical treasure--a 120-page diary kept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, \"a woman who knew everybody in her day, “James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.

Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia; it also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington.D. C in the war of 1812.She describes President James Madison on horseback as \"perfectly shaking with fear\" during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man， and praised her excellent English．

The adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor(祖先)to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.

Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession \"about five minutes\" when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.

Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, \"I've felt sick since then, \"Luxmoore told reporters.

According to Green， no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.

Tom Brennan received a reward(獎(jiǎng)勵(lì))of 1,000,Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, \"It's wonderful news. I'm on high\".

51. This article mainly tells about the story of _____. A. A lost diary B. Deborah

C. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library Company

主題分析 解題時(shí)必須首先理順文章時(shí)間順序：

1. Deborah Logan kept a 120-page diary 190 years ago.

2. Cory Luxmoore delivered the diary to the library Company.

3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.

4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.

5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag， which contained a book (the diary). 從以上的時(shí)間順序中，可以清楚地看到整個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)所發(fā)生的事情均與the diary有關(guān)，是貫穿全文的主線，故此題應(yīng)選A。 6、 文章標(biāo)題的選擇或擬定

標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來(lái)高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它是段落中心思想的最精煉的表達(dá)形式。

文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞，短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測(cè)出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章討論的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語(yǔ)；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮太陽(yáng)卻也遮了眼睛，太小則發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用且風(fēng)一吹必跑；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？

1. 要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮這句話或短語(yǔ)與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系； 2. 再看它對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何； 3. 要注意題目是過(guò)大還是過(guò)??；

4. 要避免下列三種錯(cuò)誤：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小）；②過(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。 要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方式。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，標(biāo)題的擬定方式是：以話題為核心，將控制性概念的詞按一定的語(yǔ)法濃縮為概括主題句句意或中心思想的詞組。

比如某一文章的中心句子為： Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world． 話題：Coffee

控制性概念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world

標(biāo)題：Coffee Around the World 例 2005北京B篇

Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.

Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows（肘）next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm. Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use:

●power tools rather than having to use muscle（肌肉）power

●tools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist（手腕）to keep straight

(See figure 1). This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a person's side

Figure l. Bend the tool, not the wrist ●tools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole hand. This means having a selection of sizes-remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm hold for a person with a very large hand may be awkward for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men.

●tools that do not press fingers (or flesh) between the handles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area. 60． What is the best title for the passage? A． Good Tool Design for Women.

B． Importance of Good Tool Design.

C． Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries. D． Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection.

主題分析 本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.句首第一句先點(diǎn)明文章的主題，\"工具的良好設(shè)計(jì)在防止傷害方面是非常重要的\"。下面一段則分別說(shuō)明了好的工具設(shè)計(jì)的幾項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。從此可知考題第60題答案為C。選項(xiàng)A和B對(duì)文章主題\"概括不夠\"。選項(xiàng)D與主題無(wú)關(guān)。

有些文章像記敘文，主題思想不是通過(guò)一兩句話就可以表達(dá)的。這時(shí)就需要通過(guò)閱讀全文，抓關(guān)鍵字眼或主要話題來(lái)歸納文章主題。 例2005全國(guó)III卷A篇

Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender's name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.

But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. She'd ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I'd delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.

One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn't care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery(神秘).

My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming.

41． Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A． A childhood Dream. B． A Mother's Love.

C． A Graduation Party. D． A Special Birthday.

主題分析 本文寫的是一位母親在自己女兒成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中以一種獨(dú)特的方式--每年在

女兒生日那天不署名送女兒一束梔子花來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)女兒的愛(ài)。本篇圍繞愛(ài)來(lái)展開，開頭

寫暗送女兒梔子花，并鼓勵(lì)女兒去想象美好。當(dāng)女兒遇到挫折時(shí)，母親鼓勵(lì)女兒要堅(jiān)強(qiáng)地勇敢地面對(duì)困難。以上這些關(guān)鍵事實(shí)充分說(shuō)明了B項(xiàng)A Mother's Love. 正確。 限時(shí)訓(xùn)練

Passage 1

When I asked my daughter which item she would keep: the phone, the car, the cooker, the computer, the TV, or her boyfriend, she said, \"the phone\". Personally, I could do without the phone entirely, which makes me unusual. Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology.

Point 1. The telephone creates the need to communicate, in the same way more roads create more traffic. My daughter comes home from school at 4:00 pm and then spends an hour on the phone talking to the every people she have been at school with all day. If the phone did not exist, would she have anything to talk about?

Point 2. The mobile phone means that we are never alone. \"The mobile saved my life,\" says Crystal Johnstone. She had an accident in her Volvo on the A45 between Otley and Skipton. Trapped inside, she managed to make the call that brought the ambulance to her rescue.

Point 3. The mobile removes our secret. It allows marketing manager of Haba Deutsch, Carl Nicolaisen, to ring his sales staff all round the world at any time of day to ask where they are, where they are going, and how their last meeting went.

Point 4. The telephone separates us. Antonella Bramanate in Rome says, \"We worked in separate offices but I could see him through the window. It was easy to get his number. We were so near---but we didn't meet for the first two weeks!\"

Point 5. The telephone allows us to reach out beyond our own lives. Today we can talk to several complete strangers simultaneously () on chat lines (at least my daughter does. I wouldn't know what to talk about). We can talk across the world. We can even talk to astronauts (if you know any) while they're space-walking. And, with the phone line hooked up to the computer, we can access the Internet, the biggest library on Earth. 1. Point 1 mainly tells us that __________.

A. the writer's daughter enjoys talking on the phone. B. More roads create more traffic.

C. phones create the need to communication D it's easy to communicate through phones.

2. People's attitude towards mobile phone is that it _________. A. helps people deal with the emergency.

B. brings convenience as well as little secret to people. C. is so important and should be encouraged. D. is part of people's life.

3. Which do you think support the idea that phones improve people's life? A. Point 1 and 2. B. Point 3 and 4. C. Point 1 and 3. D. Point 2 and 5.

4. It is possible to talk to several complete strangers at the same time through __________. A. the TV screen. B. a fax machine. C. the Internet. D. the phone.

5. Which is the most suitable title for the passage? A. Phone Power B. Kinds of Phones C. How to Use Phone

D. Advantages of Phones

Correct answers: CBDCA

作好本文閱讀理解測(cè)試題的關(guān)鍵是準(zhǔn)確把握短文的中心主旨，重點(diǎn)是準(zhǔn)確，不偏不倚。 第一段作者提及自己的女兒可以舍棄其它，但必須保留電話。作者寫到：Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology. 作者隨后分五點(diǎn)(five points) 探討了電話給人們生活帶來(lái)的變化。

細(xì)讀這五點(diǎn)，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：第一點(diǎn)，電話創(chuàng)造了交流的需要，是個(gè)中性的變化，說(shuō)不上是好是壞。第二和第五點(diǎn)是電話帶給人們的便利和用途，顯然是電話的優(yōu)點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)處,即advantages。但第三和第四點(diǎn)：The mobile removes our secret. / The telephone separates us. 顯然是討論電話的缺點(diǎn)和弊端，即disadvantages 。

綜上所述，作者并沒(méi)有因女兒選擇保留電話機(jī)就一面倒地夸獎(jiǎng)電話，而是客觀分析電話給人們生活帶來(lái)的變化和電話在人們生活中所起的作用，既有正面的，也有反面的。 有了上述理解，閱讀理解測(cè)試題就迎刃而解了。尤其是題2和題5，必須選能包括正反兩方面的表述，才符合作者的原意

Passage 2

A green house is a building made of glass which is used for keeping plants warm when the outside temperature is low. In a similar way there are several gases in the atmosphere which trap the heat produced by the sun and prevent it from escaping. These gases are known as \"greenhouse gases\and the way in which they trap heat in the atmosphere is called the \"greenhouse effect\". this is not simply air pollution. Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist. In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.

The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth's atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests. The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer. The world's temperature has already gone up by half a degree this century, and the sea level has risen by 10 centimeters. If the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles, there will probably be a rise in the earth's temperature of between 1 and 4. This may seem a small increase, but it would be enough to cause major changes in geography and agriculture. Large areas of the world would be flooded, and some areas would become dry and unable to produce crops. It is important, too, to consider that there may be a delay of about 30 years in the greenhouse effect. This means that we are probably experiencing only now the effect of the gases put into the atmosphere before the 1960s. Since then, our use of these gases has greatly increased. 1. \"Greenhouse effect\" means __________.

A. the way in which gases are used for keeping plants warm. B. a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us. C. the way 'greenhouse gases' trap heat on the earth.

D. the whole course in which greenhouse gases prevent heat. 2. If there were no greenhouse effect, __________. A. no plants would grow on our planet. B. the earth would be 30 degrees colder. C. man could not live on the earth.

D. all of the above answers are correct. 3. Which of the following is not true?

A. Burning too much coal and oil produces lots of greenhouse gases. B. It has become warmer on the earth now than in the past.

C. Gases put into the atmosphere now will effect the earth years later.

D. The temperature in a greenhouse is as high as that in the atmosphere. 4. Suppose the earth's temperature rose by 3 degrees __________. A. great harm would be done to mankind.

B. the sea level would go up by 10 centimeters. C. all the land in world would be flooded. D. crops would be unable to grow on earth. 5. The passage mainly deals with __________.

A. the concept (概念) and harm of greenhouse effect. B. the relation between greenhouse gases and man. C. the concept and change of greenhouse effect. D. the effect of the rise of the earth's temperature.

Correct answers: BDDAC 作好本文的理解測(cè)試題的關(guān)鍵是：擯棄先入為主的概念，認(rèn)真閱讀原文。

本文討論的“溫室效應(yīng)”問(wèn)題是目前環(huán)保熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，婦孺皆知，“溫室效應(yīng)”已是大氣污染的代名詞，“溫室效應(yīng)”等于空氣污染，這是普羅大眾已經(jīng)接受的概念和已經(jīng)認(rèn)可的說(shuō)法。 但本作者從科學(xué)的角度準(zhǔn)確地解釋了“溫室效應(yīng)”這一概念，為其“正了身”，“平了反”。在第一段里，作者解釋了“溫室氣體”和“溫室效應(yīng)”之后，明確說(shuō)到：

This is not simply air pollution. Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist. In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.

可見(jiàn)“溫室效應(yīng)”是大氣層生來(lái)具有的一種作用。正由于這種作用，地球上才能萬(wàn)物生長(zhǎng)。至于大氣污染，全球變暖，則是由于人類活動(dòng)改變了“溫室效應(yīng)”的過(guò)程和作用所至。正如作者所說(shuō)：

The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth's atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests. The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer. 準(zhǔn)確理解溫室效應(yīng)的概念后，我們就不難作對(duì)有關(guān)中心主旨的三道題了：

題1的答案是B, \"Greenhouse effect\" means B. a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us.

題2的答案是D。

題5的答案是C, The passage mainly deals with C. the concept and change of greenhouse effect.

在我們閱讀時(shí)，有時(shí)需要運(yùn)用我們已有的背景知識(shí)來(lái)幫助理解。但同時(shí)我們也要警惕先入為主的觀念干擾影響我們對(duì)文章的準(zhǔn)確理解?？傊疤撔陌葑x”，“決不想當(dāng)然”，才能有有效的閱讀。

Passage3

Money spent on advertising is money spent as swell as any I know of. It serves directly to bring about a rapid sale of goods at reasonable prices, so setting up a firm home market and making it possible to provide for export at good prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps greatly to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it causes an increased need for labor, and is therefore a nice way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisement your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, your price of television program would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or subway would cost more. And perhaps the most important of all, advertising provides a promise of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Besides the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading

advertising. He will not do so for long, for the public has the good sense not to but the poor goods more than once. If you see the product frequently advertised, it is the proof I know that the product does what it promised for it, and that it has good value.

Advertising does more for the good of the public than other force I can think of.

There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television person declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was telling us the real difference. Of course advertising tries to persuade.

If its message were nothing but information, that would be difficult to get more people to buy, for even the choice of the color of a shirt is a bit persuasive--advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television person wants.

1. By the first sentence of the passage the writer means that __________. A. he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

B. everybody knows well that advertising is a waste of money C. advertising costs more money than anything else D. money spent on advertising is worth spending

2. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? A. Getting greater fame. B. Providing more jobs. C. Raising living standards. D. reducing newspaper costs.

3. The writer thinks that the well-known TV person is __________. A. quite right in passing his judgement on advertising B. interested in nothing but the buyer's attention

C. correct in telling the difference between persuasion and informing D. obviously unfair in his views on advertising. 4. In the writer's opinion, __________.

A. advertising can seldom bring material interest to man by providing information B. advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over C. there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer

D. the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

Correct answers: DADC

本篇閱讀訓(xùn)練共四道題，其中有三道題涉及到作者的基本觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)，若能在閱讀中正確理解和把握作者的基本觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)，題目便能做對(duì)，若不能，則四道題全錯(cuò)。在一次練習(xí)中，一個(gè)班有十四人沒(méi)有作對(duì)一道題。

本篇文章篇幅較長(zhǎng)，有些生詞和不熟悉的表達(dá)法，第一遍閱讀時(shí)，考生容易陷在詞句中，茫然不知作者所云。此時(shí)若動(dòng)筆答題，非出錯(cuò)不可。此時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)跳出詞句，以段落為單位回顧一下全文，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)：

第一段：作者介紹廣告的優(yōu)點(diǎn)用途。

第二段：廣告業(yè)有正規(guī)管理，虛假?gòu)V告不會(huì)長(zhǎng)久。 第三段：反駁一個(gè)著名電視人的不利于廣告的言論。

作者的態(tài)度與立場(chǎng)已清晰可辯：支持廣告業(yè)。一旦有了這一認(rèn)識(shí)，四道題迎刃而解。 提示：

考生既要看到樹木, 更要看到森林；要跳出一詞一句，而俯瞰全文；要通讀全文，通篇理解。此篇雖未考察中心意思，或最佳題目，但同樣考察對(duì)全文主旨大意的理解和把握。

Ⅴ.主旨大意題（選擇題）解題方法總結(jié):

1.解答該題型最關(guān)鍵的是找出主題句，把握文章主旨。

＃ 概括主旨的方法是: 先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句.若無(wú)明顯主題句,

就通過(guò)關(guān)鍵詞句來(lái)概括.(如:議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句,記敘文尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的動(dòng)詞或反映人物特點(diǎn)的形容詞.)

2．文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，務(wù)必牢記作者的觀點(diǎn)才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時(shí)，要注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如：but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。當(dāng)文章中表示相反的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，往往用到這些詞。答題時(shí)要弄清哪個(gè)是作者的觀點(diǎn)，排除迷惑性信息，準(zhǔn)確歸納主旨大意。

3．選定篇名或標(biāo)題類題考查的也是學(xué)生對(duì)文章主旨的歸納概括能力，備選標(biāo)題通常只是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，甚至一個(gè)單詞。在答題時(shí)必須仔細(xì)閱讀文章，仔細(xì)推敲選項(xiàng)中直接引自語(yǔ)篇的措辭，既要排除過(guò)于具體或斷章取義、以偏蓋全的標(biāo)題，又要排除范圍太大、空洞、不著邊際的標(biāo)題，選出最佳答案。

4. 答推理題和識(shí)辨意圖、語(yǔ)氣題時(shí)，一般無(wú)法直接從文中找到答案，但絕不可憑空猜測(cè)，也要找到依據(jù)。要通過(guò)文章主旨、字里行間或文中例子進(jìn)行推斷，通過(guò)含有感情色彩或描述情景的措辭來(lái)領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的態(tài)度或語(yǔ)氣。

5. 必須看清題目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”還是“段落主旨”；推斷的是“作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖”還是“別人的觀點(diǎn)、意圖”。