三、動詞的時態(tài)及語態(tài) I 時態(tài) 時態(tài)考查項目 1 過去完成時 2 現在完成進行時 3 將來完成時

4 一般現在時(用于表示客觀事實/科學真理) 答題依據: 句中時間狀語

主從句謂語動詞的先后關系 語境

時態(tài)的呼應 (the sequence of tenses)

時態(tài)呼應是指從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)因受主句中謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響而須采用一定的時態(tài)，從而達到兩者在邏輯關系上的一致。 （一）主句謂語動詞的時態(tài)為現在時或將來時， 從句謂語動詞根據實際情況可用各種時態(tài) She says she is a college student. she was a college student. she will be a college student. Has he told you when he is to leave for Beijing? Will you tell me when you finished the work? （二）主句謂語動詞用過去時態(tài)

1 若從句謂語動詞的動作與主句謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生， 從句用一般過去時或過去進行時 She told me she was a teacher. He said he was studying English.

2 若從句謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前，從句用過去完成時或過去完成進行時

She explained to me that she had made the mistake chiefly out of carelessness.

Betty said that she had been waiting for my call. 1

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3 若從句謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之后，從句用過去將來時、過去將來進行時或過去將來完成時。

He said that he would come back the next day.

She said that she would be setting off on the 10 o’clock train. He told them that he would have finished by six o’clock.

4 若從句謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前，但從句中有表示某一具體時間的狀語，從句用一般過去時。 He told me that he was born in 1959.

My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917.

5 若從句說明的是客觀事實或科學真理，現在依然成立，從句用一般現在時。 Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun.

（三）主、從句動作都是將來時，但在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，從句謂語動詞用一般現在時代替將來時，主句仍用一般將來時。 I will be a teacher when I grow up. What shall we do if it snows? II語態(tài)

語態(tài): 主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)

（一）被動語態(tài)考查項目: (1) 被動語態(tài)進行式 (2) 被動語態(tài)完成式 (3) 不定式被動式 需要注意: 主動變被動后加to

(二) 具有被動意義的主動結構(即不該用被動語態(tài)的情況) 1 在 “主語+謂語+賓語+過去分詞(作賓補)”結構中 謂語動詞為使役動詞或感官動詞 Eg. I had the machine repaired. I didn’t hear my name called. 2 在 “主系表”結構中 Eg. The flowers smell sweet. The food tastes nice. 3 在 “主語+vi. + (adj./adv.)”結構中 2

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vi.有: open, shut, sell, wear, blow, work, move, lock, cook, wash, clean, read, write, draw,

make, burn, eat, blame, photograph, etc.

Eg. The goods sells well. The door blew open. The door can’t shut/lock. This material has worn thin. The food is ready to eat. This kind of rice cooks quickly. She doesn’t photograph well. Danish bacon and egg makes a good meal. The mother didn’t know who to blame for the broken glass. 4 sth. want/need to be done sb. want (sb.) to do sth. want/need doing sth. require doing

sth. be worth doing / be worthy to be done be worthy of sth. be worthy of doing Eg. The house needs/wants repairing. The book is worth reading. 四、主謂一致

主謂一致：謂語動詞在人稱和數上與主語一致 （一）主謂一致三原則 1 語法一致原則: 單主→單謂

復主→復謂

2 意義一致原則 (1) 單形主→復謂

Eg. The volleyball team are playing magnificently. The old are respected in China. (2)復形主→單謂

Eg. This works was built in 1982. Economics was taught by Prof. Li. 3

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Is the United States a big country? (3)同一詞作主語時單v.時復v.

Eg. All possible means have been adopted. Every means has been tried. 3 吸引原則

①鄰近原則: Neither…nor… Either… or… …or…

Not only…but also… There be 句型 Here引導的句子

Eg. Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. Here are some pieces of paper and a pen for you. ②與第一主語一致 主語后跟: (together) with… along with…

as well as… like/unlike… but/except… rather than… as much as… no less than… besides… including… in addition to… …not…

等引導的短語時，其謂語動詞的單、復數按主語的單、復數定，即與第一主語一致。 Eg. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, is to be built here. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. The room with its furniture was rented. 4

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The teacher as well as the students was excited. I as well as you am a football fan. He no less than you is my friend. I rather than him am to blame. I, not you, am wrong. You, not I, are wrong. No one except my parents knows anything about it. （二）用單數謂語動詞的情況

1 each/either/neither/復合不定代詞做主語 Eg. Is there anything in the box? Neither is good. 2 整體看待的數目,時間,價值,重量…等復數n.做主語 Eg. Twenty minutes is not enough. Three feet is a yard. Fifteen dollars is the price. 999 is a large number. 3 不可數名詞,動名詞,不定式,從句做主語 (what從句根據句義定) What he said is correct. What he left me are but a few old books. 4 “單數名詞+ and +單數名詞”結構表示一種概念或事物 如何確定此結構表示一種概念或事物:

第二個名詞前無冠詞, 第一個名詞前可有可沒有冠詞 Eg. The hammer and sickle was flying over the roof. A knife and fork was placed before every guest. The poet and writer is one of my friends. Butter and bread is usually eaten with smoked salmon. Truth and honesty is the best policy. The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor. To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness. 5

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Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 5 形復單義詞做主語

headquarters, works, news, 以-ics結尾的學科名詞,國名,運動項目 politics / mathematics / physics the United Nations / the United States Eg. The news was very exciting. Their headquarters is at the foot of the mountain. 6 each/every修飾名詞做主語

“each/every +單數可數名詞+each/every+單數可數名詞”結構做主語 Eg. Every hour and every minute is important. Each boy and each girl wishes to serve the people in the future. Every man, woman and child is an important being. 7 “more than one +單數可數名詞”結構及 “many a +單數可數名詞”結構做主語。

但 “more +復數名詞+than one”結構和 “many +復數名詞”結構中，謂語動詞多用復數形式。

Eg. More than one question was asked. More members than one are against your plan. Many a student likes popular songs. = Many students like popular songs. 8 名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略，這種情況一般只指商店、工廠、或個人的住宅，做主語時動詞一般用單數。如the baker’s, the barbar’s, the carpenter’s, the Zhang’s … Eg. The doctor’s is on the side of the street. My uncle’s is not far from here. 注：表示店鋪的名詞，一般作集體名詞看待，但用作主語時，謂語動詞往往用復數。 Eg. Richardson’s have a lot of imported goods to sells. 9 “a series of / a species of + n.”結構作主語時，其謂語動詞用單數。

注意：series, species 的單、復數形式相同，如果series, species之前不是“a”，而是“two”一類的表示復數的詞，其謂語動詞用復數。 Eg. A series of actions is repeated over and over again. 6

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There are two series of experiments: chemical and physical. （三）用復數謂語動詞的情況

1 and 連接兩個名詞做主語 (不表示同一概念或事物時,即兩個名詞前都有冠詞或限定詞); both…and…短語做主語

Eg. The professor and the scientist give us lectures every week. 2 集合名詞做主語

①一些集合名詞做主語,謂語動詞要求復數

cattle, police, people, mankind, poultry, militia, vermin Eg. The police have caught the burglar. Cattle are selling at reasonable price. ②一些集合名詞做主語,謂語要求單數 machinery, equipment, merchandise, jewelry Eg. How much machinery has been installed? ③一些集合名詞做主語看成整體時,謂語動詞用單數; 強調個個成員時,謂語動詞用復數;

family, team, committee, crew, staff, audience, club, class, company, crowd, enemy, government, group, public, population … Eg. His family is going to have a long juourney. The whole family are watching TV.

The population in China is very large, and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers.

3 the + adj. 表示一類人做主語 Eg. The old are respected in China. 4 all, none, some, any, more, most等不定代詞及the rest, the majority做主語,修飾或指代可數名詞時,要求復數謂語;修飾或指代不可數名詞時,要求單數謂語. None but 短語視其后名詞定

Eg. Most of his friends are rich. Most of his time is spent playing. All are agreed. All goes well. 7

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None but the brave man deserves a reward. None but the fools are prepared to believe that. 5 分數,百分數, half修飾可數名詞做主語時,謂語動詞用復數; 修飾不可數名詞做主語時,謂語動詞用單數; Eg. More than 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with/by water. Three-fourths of the students in our class are League Members. one and a half +復數名詞=one + 單數名詞+and a half 如果表示時間,距離,重量,謂語動詞用單數 如果表示數量,謂語動詞用復數

Eg. One and a half miles has been covered. One and a half apples were left in the plate. 6 名詞性物主代詞做主語時, 視其義定. Eg. His is a new bike. / His (books) are new. Ours are old bikes. 7 such, the same起指示代詞作用時，應根據其所指的內容來決定單、復數。 Eg. Such is our plan. Such are his words. 8 關系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中做主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。

Eg. Those who want to go please sign your names here. Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun. 在 “one of +復數名詞+who/which/that”引導的從句結構中，關系代詞who/which/that的先行詞是靠近它的復數名詞而不是one，因此從句中的動詞應該是復數形式。

但是當one之前有the only等修飾語時，關系代詞的先行詞是one而不是靠近它的復數名詞，因此從句的動詞應該是單數形式。

Eg. This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked. She was the only one of the girls who was late for the meeting. 9 疑問代詞who, what, which做主語時，謂語動詞可根據說話人所要表達的意思決定單、復數。

Eg. Who lives next door? It is Xiao Li. 8

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Who live next door? It is Zhang and Liu. Which is/are your book/books? What produce(s) heat?

10一些有兩個部分構成的名詞表示衣物或工具做主語時，謂語通常用復數形式，如glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主語用 “a kind of, a pair of, a series of等加名詞”構成時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。 Eg. A pair of shoes was on the desk. 11單、復數同形的名詞做主語時，按意義一致的原則，用作單數意義時，謂語用單數；反之，謂語用復數。這類詞有：means, works, species, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer … Eg. A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there. The/This glass works was set up in1980. The/These glass works are near the railway station.

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